Scalar Multiplication
In general, if $$$$K$$$$ is a field and $$$$V$$$$ is a vector space over $$$$K$$$$, then scalar multiplication is a function from $$$$K \times V$$$$ to $$$$V$$$$. The result of applying this function to $$$$c$$$$ in $$$$K$$$$ and $$$$\textbf{v}$$$$ in $$$$V$$$$ is denoted $$$$c\textbf{v}$$$$.
